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Utilization factor and Reserve factor

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /> <div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Utilization factor</span></b></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /> </div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">The utilization factor represents a measure of</span><span style="color: red;"> the power </span></span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">utilization of power plants</span><span style="color: red;"> It is less than unity</span><span style="color: red;"> The </span></span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">utilization factor is defined as the ratio</span><span style="color: red;"> between the </span></span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">maximum demand and the</span><span style="color: red;"> rated capacity of the power plant</span></span><br /> <br /> <b><span style="color: orange;">Utilization factor = maximum load demand /rated capacity of power plant</span></b><br /> <br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>Reserve factor</b></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /> </div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">The ratio between the rated capacity of a power plant and </span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: red; font-size: large;">the maximum demand is known as the reserve factor plant </span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Typical value of the reserve factor is between 1.2 and 1.4</span><b><span style="color: orange;"> </span></b><br /> <br /> <div style="color: orange;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Res factor = 1/utilization factor</b></span></div><div style="color: orange;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /> </b></span></div><div style="color: orange;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /> </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-size: small;"><b>Res factor=rated capacity of the power plant/maximum load demand</b></span><br /> <br /> <br /> </div>

Utilization factor and Reserve factor

Utilization factor The utilization factor represents a measure of the power  utilization of power plants It is less than unity The  ...

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Diversity factor and Capacity factor

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: blue; text-align: center;"><span id="goog_1336342996"></span><a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> Diversity factor</span></b></a><span id="goog_1336342997"></span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">The maximum demands of individual loads do not take place </span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">at the same moment The sum of individual peaks is not used </span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">as a measure of the maximumloaddemand The maximum </span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">installed power is usually less than the sum of individual </span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">maximum demands The diversity factor is greater than or </span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">equal unity The ratio of sum of individual maximum demands </span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">of all customers to the maximum demand for a specific </span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">station is known as the diversity factor</span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> </span></div><div style="color: red;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /> <a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Capacity factor</span></b></span></a><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">The capacity factor takes into account the excess of the</span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> installed power of station more than the actual required </span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">demand The excess of power is known as the reserve power, </span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">which takes into account the expected future expansion and </span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">unexpected sudden load increase The capacity factor is </span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">defined as the ratio of the average load supplied by a station </span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">to the rated</span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> (installed) capacity of this station The capacity factor is less </span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;">than or equal unityMultiplying the average demand and the </span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;">rated capacity by time, the capacity factor can be defined as </span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;">the ratio between the actual energy produced and that would </span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;">be produced if the plant were operated at its full capacity</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;">capacity factor = Annual energy(kWh)<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">/</span></b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: red;">rated capacity*no. of operating hours</span></span></span></span></span></div></div>

Diversity factor and Capacity factor

 Diversity factor The maximum demands of individual loads do not take place  at the same moment The sum of individual peaks is not used  ...

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Demand factor and Load factor

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: blue; text-align: center;"><a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Demand factor</b></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">The ratio between the real maximum load demand on the </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">system and the connected load The demand factor varies from</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> time to time and its value is always less than or equal unity </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">The connected load is always known and thus, it will be easy</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> to calculate the maximum demand if the demand factor for a </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">certain supply is known at different time intervals and </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">seasons</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Load factor</span></b></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">The ratio between the average load demand and the maximum demand during a certain period </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">• The magnitude of the load factor is always<br /> less than or equal unity</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><br /> • For almost constant loads, the load factor is<br /> close to unity</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><br /> • With strongly varied loads, it is close to zero</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><br /> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><br /> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div></div>

Demand factor and Load factor

Demand factor The ratio between the real maximum load demand on the  system and the connected load The demand factor varies from time to...

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Average Load and Installed capacity

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/2010/11/daily-duration-curve.html"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Average Load</span></b></span></a></div><br /> <span style="color: red; font-size: large;">The average demand or average load is defined as the total</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> energy delivered in a certain period divided by the time </span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: red; font-size: large;">interval It is possible to calculate a daily average load, weekly</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> average load, monthly average load and yearly (annual) </span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: red; font-size: large;">average load</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b></span></span><br /> <div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/2010/11/connected-load-and-maximum-demand.html"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Installed capacity</span></b></span></span></a></div><div style="color: red; text-align: center;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">The installed capacity is the sum of the ratings of all stations </span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/"><span style="font-size: large;">available to supply the system Operating factors Some </span></a></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">factors are developed from operating curves to give useful </span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">indications about the cost issues of power systems</span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> </span></div>

Average Load and Installed capacity

Average Load The average demand or average load is defined as the total energy delivered in a certain period divided by the time  inte...

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Connected load and Maximum demand

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> Connected load </span></b></div><br /> <div style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is defined as the sum of ratings of all electrical equipments that are connected at the supply point </span></div><div style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;">regardless of their status of operation It is calculated depending on the installed equipment without </span></div><div style="color: blue;"><div class="titlewrapper"><h1 class="title"><a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/">electrical engineering</a> </h1></div></div><div style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;">measuring or testing their actual demand The connected load, which is independent of time, is </span></div><div style="color: blue;"><br /> </div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">greater than the maximum load demand</span></span><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Maximum demand</span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">it is not obligatory that the maximum</span><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> demand is equal to the </span></div><div style="color: blue; text-align: left;"></div><div style="color: blue; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">connected load</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It is calculated in a certain time interval by</span></div><div style="color: blue; text-align: left;"><br /> <span style="font-size: large;">measuring the greatest load demand</span><span style="font-size: large;"> during this time interval</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span> <br /> <div class="titlewrapper"><h1 class="title"><a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/">electrical engineering</a> </h1></div></div><div style="color: blue; text-align: left;"></div><div style="color: blue; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"> The reason is that the connected loads are</span><span style="font-size: large;"> switched on and </span></div><div style="color: blue; text-align: left;"></div><div style="color: blue; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">off regularly</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Even for the loads that are switched on, they</span><span style="font-size: large;"> are</span></div><div style="color: blue; text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> not properly operating with their full</span><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> ratings The maximum load demand can not<br /> be calculated simply by adding the<br /> maximum demands of individual loads<br /> since the individual maximum<br /> demands occur at deferent times </span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><br /> </div>

Connected load and Maximum demand

 Connected load It is defined as the sum of ratings of all electrical equipments that are connected at the supply point  regardless of thei...

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The Load Energy curve

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">This curve is derived from the daily load curve At each time </span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">interval, the area under the curve is calculated from the zero</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> time interval until the pres<a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/">ent time interval </a>For example, the </span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">area under the curve is calculated for each hour and is </span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">added to the previous total area to get the energy at the </span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">present hour The curve begins always from energy of zero </span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">and increases with time It is not possible for the energy to </span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">decrease with time</span><br /> <br /> </div>

The Load Energy curve

This curve is derived from the daily load curve At each time  interval, the area under the curve is calculated from the zero time inter...

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The daily duration curve

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: red; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"> duration curve</span></div><br /> <b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;">The load duration curve illustrates the</span><span style="color: blue;"> variation of a certain load in a downward</span><span style="color: blue;"> form </span></span></b><br /> <br /> <b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;">such that the greatest load is plotted</span><span style="color: blue;"> in the left and the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_1147900120">smal</a></span></span></b><a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;">l</span></span></b></a><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/">est </a>one in the right</span><span style="color: blue;"> On the </span></span></b><br /> <br /> <b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;">time axis, the time duration for</span><span style="color: blue;"> which each certain load <a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/">continues </a>during</span><span style="color: blue;"> the day is given</span></span></b><br /> <br /> <br /> <div class="layer" style="z-index: 9;"><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="inner_layer" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/"><img alt="http://www14.0zz0.com/2010/11/20/14/611109026.jpg" src="http://www14.0zz0.com/2010/11/20/14/611109026.jpg" /></a> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"> </span></span></div><div class="inner_layer" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">From <a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/">the </a>figure, we can recognize that</span></span></b></div><div class="inner_layer" style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="inner_layer" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"> </span><span style="color: red;">a load of 10 kW lasts 3 hours and a</span></span></b></div><div class="inner_layer" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"> </span><br style="color: red;" /><span style="color: red;">load of 8 kW lasts 2 hours and so on</span></span></b></div><div class="inner_layer" style="color: red; text-align: center;"></div><div class="inner_layer" style="color: red; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">the area under the load duration</span></b></div><div class="inner_layer" style="color: red; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> curve represents the consumed</span></b></div><div class="inner_layer" style="color: red; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /> energy during the day</b></span></div><div class="inner_layer"><b><br /> </b> </div><div class="inner_layer"><b><br /> </b> </div><div class="inner_layer"></div><div class="inner_layer"></div></div></div>

The daily duration curve

 duration curve The load duration curve illustrates the variation of a certain load in a downward form  such that the greatest load is ...

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The daily load curve

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: red; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">daily load curve</span></div><br /> <b><span style="color: blue;">The curve describing the variation of the</span><span style="color: blue;"> supplied power to a certain load with time</span></b><br /> <br /> <b><span style="color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: blue;"> through one day is known as the daily</span><span style="color: blue;"> load curve of this load</span><span style="color: blue;"> Similarly, weekly, monthly </span></b><br /> <br /> <b><span style="color: blue;">and yearly</span><span style="color: blue;"> (annual) load curves can be plotted</span></b><br /> <br /> <br /> <div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">From the daily load curve, <a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/">useful </a>information can be obtained</span></div><div style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> </span> </div><div style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> </span></b> </div><div style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">• The maximum load demand is obtained from<br /> the daily load curve by recording the peak</span></b><br /> <b><span style="font-size: small;">more on http://hayatei.blogspot.com/</span></b><br /> <b><span style="font-size: small;"> value of the power</span></b></div><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: small;"><br /> • The area under the daily load curve is the<br /> consumed energy during this day</span></b><br /> <b><span style="color: blue; font-size: small;"><br /> • The average consumed power is obtained by<br /> dividing the consumed energy by the time<br /> duration</span></b><br /> <div style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> </span></b> </div></div>

The daily load curve

daily load curve The curve describing the variation of the supplied power to a certain load with time   through one day is known as the...

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Effect of high voltage transmission

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: red; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Effect of high voltage transmission</span></div><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: small;">• The transmitted current is decreased,</span><br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /> • The total power loss in the network is<br /> decreased,</span><br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /> • The efficiency of the transmission line is<br /> increased,</span><br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /> • The voltage drop is decreased,</span><br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /> • The voltage <a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/">regulation </a>is decreased,</span><br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /> • The cross section area of the conductors is<br /> decreased</span><br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /> • The total cost of the copper is decreased</span></div>

Effect of high voltage transmission

 Effect of high voltage transmission • The transmitted current is decreased, • The total power loss in the network is decreased, • Th...

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Egyptian network an overview

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;">About 30 bus-bars</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /> 30 power stations</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /> 23 GW installed electric capacity</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /> About 84% of the electric generating</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /> capacity is from thermal stations, i.e. gas</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;">more on http://hayatei.blogspot.com/</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"> power stations, while the Aswan High Dam</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /> provides about 15% of the total generated</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /> power.</span><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> Largest Power Plants in Egypt</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: center;">Power Station    Capacity (MW)   Fuel Type</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: center;">Aswan High                    2,100                         Hydraulic<br />                     Shoubrah El Kheima                   1,350                        Oil                                              <br /> El-Kureimat                                      1,300                       Gas                          <br /> Damita                                        1,200                      Gas                    <br /> Cairo West                                    1,100                      Gas/Oil                <br /> Ataka                                            950                      Oil                     <br /> Abu Qir                                            930                      Gas/Oil             <br /> Cairo South                                        814                       Gas/Oil                <br /> Damanhour                                           678                       Oil                            <br /> Aswan                                              622                        Hydraulic         </div></div>

Egyptian network an overview

About 30 bus-bars 30 power stations 23 GW installed electric capacity About 84% of the electric generating capacity is from thermal ...

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Intended Learning Outcomes of Course (ILOs) part 2

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">c. Professional and Practical Skills</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> c1- Use load curves to extract useful information.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> c2- Utilize the operating factors to find out required information<br /> c3- Apply different electricity tariffs.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> c4- Solve the economic dispatch problem.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> c5- Apply suitable formulas to calculate the fixed costs as well as<br /> running costs of major types of power plants</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">d. General and Transferable Skills</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> d1- Learn how to collect suitable data about the economic<br /> dispatch problem</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> d2- Cooperate to process the collected data.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> d3- Accomplish tasks within time.</div></div>

Intended Learning Outcomes of Course (ILOs) part 2

c. Professional and Practical Skills c1- Use load curves to extract useful information. c2- Utilize the operating factors to find out requ...

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Overall Aims of economic operation of power system

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h3 class="post-title entry-title"></h3><div class="post-header"></div><div class="post-body entry-content">The course aims at providing the basic knowledge required by practicing engineers for dealing<br /> <br /> with economics and operation of <a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/">power </a>systems to:<br /> <br /> • Realize the different load curves and factors used in<br /> defining the loading conditions of power system.<br /> <br /> • Recognize the operating tariffs of electrical energy<br /> <span style="font-size: small;">more on http://hayatei.blogspot.com/</span> <br /> and selecting the most proper one depending on the<br /> load profile.<br /> <br /> • Enhance the economic operation of power systems<br /> <span style="font-size: small;">more on http://hayatei.blogspot.com/</span> <br /> to achieve the minimum cost operation under<br /> different loading conditions.<br /> <br /> • Encourage dealing with main types of power plants<br /> including conventional and non-conventional types </div></div>

Overall Aims of economic operation of power system

The course aims at providing the basic knowledge required by practicing engineers for dealing with economics and operation of power system...

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Intended Learning Outcomes of Course (ILOs)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>a. Knowledge and Understanding</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;">a1- Describe the Egyptian electrical network</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> a2- Identify the development of energy utilization in recent<br /> decades</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> a3- Enumerate the characteristics of different loads</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> a4- Outline the concepts of investment and depreciation in<br /> power system</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> a5- Mention the benefits of economic operation of power<br /> systems</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> a6-  State the main differences  between electrical power plants</div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><ol></ol><div style="text-align: center;"><b>b. Intellectual Skills</b></div><br /> b1- Differentiate between various curves and factors<br /> <span style="font-size: small;">more on http://hayatei.blogspot.com/</span>  <br /> describing different types of loads<br /> <br /> b2- Distinguish the methods used to define the operating tariffs<br /> of electrical energy<br /> .<br /> b3- Predict the situations where the transmission <a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/">more on </a> losses have to<br /> be considered and where they have to be omitted.<br /> <br /> b4- Develop mathematical models of the optimization problem<br /> <span style="font-size: small;">more on http://hayatei.blogspot.com/</span> <br /> and analyze the problem to find the suitable solution.<br /> <br /> b5- Choose the suitable type of power plants depending on<br /> their features, and technical and economical conditions<br /> <div style="text-align: center;"><br /> </div></div>

Intended Learning Outcomes of Course (ILOs)

a. Knowledge and Understanding a1- Describe the Egyptian electrical network a2- Identify the development of energy utilization in recent ...

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